Erythema multiforme: New causes and unusual presentations
Keywords:
Erythema, Multiforme, New causesAbstract
Erythema multiforme is a common reactive skin disease to different endogenous and exogenous triggers with characteristic clinical features of variable severity. The aim of this study is to draw special attention to new modes of clinical presentations and to identify new possible causes in order to increase the awareness of dermatologists.References
von Hebra F. Erythema exsudativum multiforme. Vienna, Austria: Kaiserliche Akademie derWissenschaften; 1866. p. 55–7.
Bastuji-Garin S, Rzany B, Stern RS, et al. Clinical classification of cases of toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and erythema multiforme. Arch Dermatol. 1993;129:92–6.
Auquier-Dunant A, Mockenhaupt M, Naldi L, et al. Correlations between clinical patterns and causes of erythema multiforme majus, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis: results of an international prospective study. Arch Dermatol. 2002;138:1019–24.
Bachot N, Roujeau JC. Differential diagnosis of severe cutaneous drug eruptions. Am J Clinic Dermatol. 2003; 4:561–72.
Assier H, Bastuji-Garin S, Revuz J, Roujeau JC. Erythema multiforme with mucous membrane involvement and Stevens-Johnson syndrome are clinically different disorders with distinct causes. Arch Dermatol. 1995;131:539–43.
Brice SL, Leahy MA, Ong L, et al. Examination of non-involved skin, previously involved skin, and peripheral blood for herpes simplex virus DNA in patients with recurrent herpes-associated erythema multiforme. J Cutan Pathol. 1994; 21:408–12.
Schofield JK, Tatnall FM, Leigh IM. Recurrent erythema multiforme: clinical features and treatment in alarge series of patients. Br J Dermatol. 1993;128:542–5.
Kokuba H, Aurelian L, Burnett J. Herpes simplex virus associated erythema multiforme (HAEM) is mechanistically distinct from drug-induced erythema multiforme: interferon-gamma is expressed in HAEM lesions and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in druginduced erythema multiforme lesions. J Invest Dermatol. 1999;113:808–15.
Léauté-Labrèze, C, et al. Diagnosis, classification, and management of erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson Syndrome. Arch Dis Childhood. 2000;83:347–52.
Johannessen, JV, et al. Human orf. Journal of Cutaneous Pathology 1975; 2: 265–283.
Azizzadeh, M. Case report of orf followed by erythema multiforme. J Semnan Uni Med Sci. 2007;9:1–2.
Buchan, J. Characteristics of orf in a farming community in mid-Wales. Br Med J. 1996;313:203–4.
Murphy, JK, Ralfs, IG. Bullous pemphigoid complicating human orf. Br J Dermatol. 1996;134:929–30.
Haig, DM, et al. Orf virus immuno-modulation and the host immune response. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 2002;87:395–9.
White, KP, et al. Orf-induced immunobullous disease: a distinct autoimmune blistering disorder. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;58:49–55.
Craig N., Craig G., Dean S. (2018) Infestations. In Jean L. Julie V. Lorenzo C., Dermatology (4th edition, 1705-1718). Elsevier.