Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in medical versus nonmedical students: a questionnaire based pilot study
Keywords:
Body dysmorphic disorder, students, appearance, genderAbstract
Objective To prepare a dermatologic version of body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) questionnaire and to ascertain and compare the prevalence of BDD among the medical students versus general university students in Pakistani community.Subjects and Methods This was a prospective questionnaire-based pilot study conducted at dermatology department of Nawaz Sharif Social Security Teaching Hospital affiliated with The University of Lahore. After informed consent, 400 students, half from medical college and half from non medical institutions, were interviewed with a self reporting questionnaire and evaluated for BDD by employing the clinical parameters as per DSM-5.Results The age range of participant students was 18-26 years in both the groups and 97.5% were unmarried. In group A, 72 students were males and 128 were females while in group B, 77 were males and 123 were females. The top areas of concern in both the groups were density of scalp hair, acne and its sequelae, skin type and dark complexion of skin with female preponderance in both the groups. Although 35% students were preoccupied to some extent but the prevalence of subjective distress to the threshold of BDD was found in 5% medical students compared to 10% nonmedical students, with female dominance in both the groups.Conclusion Our study reflects that BDD is relatively more frequent among general university students compared to medical students with overall predominance of female gender.References
Thomas I, Patterson WM, Szepietowski JC et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: more than meets the eye. Acta Dermatovenerol Croat. 2005;13:50-3.
McElroy SL, Phillips KA, Keck PE Jr et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: does it have a psychotic subtype? J Clin Psychiatry. 1993;54:389-95.
Jakubietz M, Jakubietz RJ, Kloss DF, Gruenert JJ. Body dysmorphic disorder: diagnosis and approach. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2007;119:1924-30.
Cotterill JA, Millard LG. Psychocutaneous disorders. In: Champion RH, Rook A, Ebling FJ, Wilkinson DS, eds. Textbook of Dermatology. 6th ed. London, England: Blackwell Science; 1998. P. 2792-4.
Phillips KA, McElroy SL. Insight, overvalued ideation, and delusional thinking in body dysmorphic disorder: theoretical and treatment implications. J Nerv Ment Dis. 1993;181:699-702.
American Psychiatric Association. Obsessive-compulsive and related disorders. In: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition. 5th ed. Arlington, Va: American Psychiatric Association; 2013.
Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Pagano ME. Psychosocial functioning and quality of life in body dysmorphic disorder. Compr Psychiatry. 2005;46:254-60.
Phillips KA, Dufresne RG Jr, Wilkel CS, Vittorio CC. Rate of body dysmorphic disorder in dermatology patients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2000;42:436-41.
Haas CF, Champion A, Secor D. Motivating factors for seeking cosmetic surgery: a synthesis of the literature. Plast Surg Nurs. 2008;28:177-82.
Phillips KA, Kaye WH. The relationship of body dysmorphic disorder and eating disorders to obsessive-compulsive disorder. CNS Spectr. 2007;12:347-58.
Bohne A, Wilhelm S, Keuthen NJ et al. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a German college student sample. Psychiatry Res. 2002;109:101-4.
Biby EL. The relationship between body dysmorphic disorder and depression, self-esteem, somatization, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. J Clin Psychol. 1998;54:489-99.
Phillips KA, Menard W, Fay C, Weisberg R. Demographic characteristics, phenomenology, comorbidity, and family history in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Psychosomatics. 2005;46:317-25
Castle DJ, Phillips KA, Dufresne RG Jr. Body dysmorphic disorder and cosmetic dermatology: more than skin deep. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2004;3:99-103.
Grant JE, Phillips KA. Recognizing and treating body dysmorphic disorder. Ann Clin Psychiatry. 2005;17:205-10.
Cash T, Winstead B, Janda L. The great American shape-up: body image survey report. Psychol Today. 1986;20:30-7
Sarwer DB, Crerand CE. Body image and cosmetic medical treatments. Body Image. 2004;1:99-111.
Sarwer DB, Crerand CE. Body dysmorphic disorder and appearance-enhancing medical treatments. Body Image. 2008;5:50-8.
Sarwer DB, Wadden TA, Pertschuk MJ, Whitaker LA. Body image dissatisfaction and body dysmorphic disorder in 100 cosmetic surgery patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 1998;101: 1644-9
Bohne A, Wilhelm S, Keuthen NJ et al. Prevalence of body dysmorphic disorder in a German college student sample. Psychiatry Res. 2002;109:101-4.
Taqui AM, Shaikh M, Gowani SA et al. Body dysmorphic disorder: gender differences and prevalence in a Pakistani medical student population. BMC Psychiatry. 2008;8:20.
Barahmand U, Shahbazi Z. Prevalence of and associations between body dysmorphic concerns, obsessive beliefs and social anxiety. Asia Pac Psychiatry. Epub June, 2013:10.
Phillips KA. The presentation of body dysmorphic disorder in medical settings. Prim Psychiatry. 2006;13:51-9.
Sterling JC. Warts. In: Burns T, Breathnach SM, Cox N, Griffiths CE, eds. Rook’s Textbook of Dermatology, 7th edn. Oxford, England: Wiley-Blackwell; 2010. P. 64.17- 8.
Bohne A, Keuthen NJ, Wilhelm S et al. Prevalence of symptoms of body dysmorphic disorder and its correlates: a cross-cultural comparison. Psychosomatics. 2002;43:486-90.
Fitts SN, Gibson P, Redding CA, Deiter PJ. Body dysmorphic disorder: Implications for its validity as a DSM-III-R clinical syndrome. Psychol Rep. 1989;64:655-8.
Phillips A, Menard W, Fay C. Gender similarities and differences in 200 individuals with body dysmorphic disorder. Comp Psychiatry. 2006;47:77-87.
Conrado LA, Hounie AG, Diniz JB et al. Body dysmorphic disorder among dermatologic patients: Prevalence and clinical features. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;63:235-43.
